Publications and media
Urgent Actions Needed to Reduce CO₂ Emissions from Deforestation and Fires in Bolivia
Bolivia, a country with nearly half of its territory covered by forests, faces significant deforestation and vegetation degradation from fires. According to updated estimations, the country experience...
Water and sanitation: 2025 Activity report
In 2025, the AFD Group saw a high level of activity in support of water and sanitation, with €1.6 billion committed. Despite a challenging environment, the year was marked by a record level of non-sov...
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Managing Macroeconomic Vulnerabilities in Vietnam’s Energy Transition: A Multidimensional Policy Framework
Can Vietnam achieve a low-carbon transition by 2050 while maintaining its growth trajectory? With a real GDP growth rate of 8% in 2025 and a government target of 10% for 2026, Vietnam is one of the wo...
The AFD Carbon Footprint Tool for projects - User’s Guide and Methodology
AFD (Agence Française de Développement) aims to promote low-carbon development through the projects it finances, in line with France’s commitment to combat climate change and AFD’s strategic orientati...
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Gender and Income Distribution in a High- Informality Context: A CEQ-Based Analysis for Colombia
This study assesses the extent to which Colombia’s fiscal policy mitigates gender gaps in income and poverty. Using the fiscal incidence methodology developed by the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Institu...
How is AFD supporting access to water and sanitation in Georgia?
In Khashuri, Georgia, access to water and sanitation is a major issue for public health, environmental protection, and quality of life.
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Human Rights and Climate Policies - The Human Rights Impacts of Climate Change and Mitigating Measures
This paper summarises and analyses the findings of studies conducted by six National Human Rights Institutions (independent state bodies) in Colombia, The Gambia, Honduras, Kenya, Namibia, and Sierra...
Leveraging social protection to reduce inequalities in the just transition
Addressing the dual challenge of climate change and inequality require policies delivering on both environmental and social sustainability aspects. In this context, social protection can play a critic...
البناء المشترك لممارسات البحث العملي: استعراض الخبرات المستخلصة من قطاع الاقتصاد الاجتماعي والتضامني في تونس
لاستكمال هذه المذكرة السياسية، التي تقدّم توصيات قيّمة لجعل البحث-الإجرائي رافعةً حقيقية لتنمية الاقتصاد الاجتماعي والتضامني في تونس، أودّ أن أُبرز ثلاثَ شروط أراها أساسية لضمان استدامة هذا المسار. أ...
Ecuador: Transformations and adjustment put to the test by a decade of shocks (2015–2025)
Between 2015 and 2025, a series of factors destabilized Ecuador’s economic, social, and political model: declining oil rents; another sovereign default; political instability following the end of the...
Vietnam's global warming challenge: navigating in the context of intensified extreme rainfall and worsening dr...
Vietnam, a dynamic developing nation and a major agricultural exporter, faces growing exposure to the dual threats of droughts and extreme rainfall under global warming. Designing efficient adaptation...
Increasing flood risks in the Vietnamese Ca river basin: a challenge for reservoir-based flood management
As global warming is expected to intensify extreme rainfall over Vietnam, an increase in flooding is also anticipated. To study this issue for the Ca river basin, we conducted an assessment of future...
Extreme heat in Vietnamese urban areas should be addressed more concretely in climate adaptation plans
Vietnamese fast-growing cities are increasingly affected by extreme heat events due to global warming compounded by the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This trend threatens public health, infrastructu...
Vietnam’s Future Under A Warming World: The Growing Challenge of Heat Stress
As global warming intensifies, Vietnam is expected to experience more frequent and intense extreme heat events in the coming decades. Designing efficient adaptation strategies in the face of these gro...
Armenia: Innovating for more resilient agriculture
In Armenia, agriculture plays a vital role in rural livelihoods and food security, particularly in the Ararat Valley.
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How Can Financial Inclusion for the Most Vulnerable Help Achieve the SDGs?
Although financial inclusion has progressed, 1.3 billion people remain excluded from formal financial systems. Predominantly living in developing countries, women, rural populations, youth, low-income...
Three Oceans Strategy
Present in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, France has five departments and regions and seven overseas collectivities which are home to 2.7 million French citizens. Scattered across the globe,...
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Infographic - Our work with the Support Fund for Feminist Organizations 2024
To support the work of feminist movements under increasing pressure, France is mobilizing its instruments in support of its feminist foreign policy on the international stage. Since 2020, the Support...
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How can mutually beneficial economic interactions between transhumant and sedentary populations be promoted in...
In the Sahel, traditional agropastoral systems involve economic and social interactions between transhumant herders and sedentary populations. While economic complementarity fosters the exchange of go...
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Biodiversity, macroeconomics and sovereign risk
This study explores the links between biodiversity, macroeconomics and sovereign risk, with a focus on emerging and developing countries (EDCs). As a starting point, it details the channels identified...
AFD and Vanuatu
Vanuatu, an archipelago of 83 islands with nearly 330,000 inhabitants and a GDP of USD 1.12 billion, is particularly vulnerable to climate risks and natural disasters. Cyclones, earthquakes, and risin...
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